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Reconstructing the chemical and structural characteristics of the plant cell wall represents a promising solution to overcoming lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to biochemical deconstruction. This study aims to leverage hydroxyproline (Hyp)‐O‐glycosylation, a process unique to plant cell wall glycoproteins, as an innovative technology for de novo design and engineering in planta of Hyp‐O‐glycosylated biopolymers (HypGP) that facilitate plant cell wall reconstruction. HypGP consisting of 18 tandem repeats of “Ser–Hyp–Hyp–Hyp–Hyp” motif or (SP4)₁₈was designed and engineered into tobacco plants as a fusion peptide with either a reporter protein enhanced green fluorescence protein or the catalytic domain of a thermophilic E1 endoglucanase (E1cd) fromAcidothermus cellulolyticus. The engineered (SP4)₁₈module was extensively Hyp‐O‐glycosylated with arabino‐oligosaccharides, which facilitated the deposition of the fused protein/enzyme in the cell wall matrix and improved the accumulation of the protein/enzyme in planta by 1.5–11‐fold. The enzyme activity of the recombinant E1cd was not affected by the fused (SP4)₁₈module, showing an optimal temperature of 80°C and optimal pH between 5 and 8. The plant biomass engineered with the (SP4)₁₈‐tagged protein/enzyme increased the biomass saccharification efficiency by up to 3.5‐fold without having adverse impact on the plant growth.

The key technical bottleneck for exploiting plant hairy root cultures as a robust bioproduction platform for therapeutic proteins has been low protein productivity, particularly low secreted protein yields. To address this, we engineered novel hydroxyproline (Hyp)‐O‐glycosylated peptides (HypGPs) into tobacco hairy roots to boost the extracellular secretion of fused proteins and to elucidate Hyp‐O‐glycosylation process of plant cell wall Hyp‐rich glycoproteins. HypGPs representing two major types of cell wall glycoproteins were examined: an extensin module consisting of 18 tandem repeats of ‘Ser‐Hyp‐Hyp‐Hyp‐Hyp’ motif or (SP4)₁₈and an arabinogalactan protein module consisting of 32 tandem repeats of ‘Ser‐Hyp’ motif or (SP)₃₂. Each module was expressed in tobacco hairy roots as a fusion to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Hairy root cultures engineered with a HypGPmodule secreted up to 56‐fold greater levels ofEGFP, compared with anEGFPcontrol lacking any HypGPmodule, supporting the function of HypGPmodules as a molecular carrier in promoting efficient transport of fused proteins into the culture media. The engineered (SP4)₁₈and (SP)₃₂modules underwent Hyp‐O‐glycosylation with arabino‐oligosaccharides and arabinogalactan polysaccharides, respectively, which were essential in facilitating secretion of the fusedEGFPprotein. Distinct non‐Hyp‐O‐glycosylated (SP4)₁₈‐EGFPand (SP)₃₂‐EGFPintermediates were consistently accumulated within the root tissues, indicating a rate‐limiting trafficking and/or glycosylation of the engineered HypGPmodules. An updated model depicting the intracellular trafficking, Hyp‐O‐glycosylation and extracellular secretion of extensin‐styled (SP4)₁₈module andAGP‐styled (SP)₃₂module is proposed.